3D modelling and its corporate big brother of Solid Freeform Fabrication or Rapid Prototyping began in the early 80's as a way to use machines to make objects faster than a original modeler could. By using Computer Aided manufacture machines such as pen plotters and then variable-height plotters, developers soon came up with the means to have a motor able to carve elements out of foam or wood in complicated layers or levels, but it was still one half or one side. A Cad table could yield an object of up to 48"x48" with a depth of up to 4" - but only 1 sided, so two of them would have to be made for an 8" object, or many layers for a more detailed or larger object.
The first Stereo-Lithography system was believed to have been advanced at Xerox labs in the mid 1980's by a team of engineers who were experimenting with a way to fuse toner into a more solid substrate. They realised that by using a platform that moved only on the z axis or up and down with a scanning laser that could traverse over the whole plate on the x- and y- axis they could condense a layer of waxy toner, then drop the platform down a tiny fraction, put new toner on, and do the process again, thus they could gently build up a form in 3 dimensions.
Laser Printer Price
Xerox was pretty creative in the 70's and 80's - In 1971, a team from Xerox came up with the idea of putting a printhead assembly and scanning laser into a photocopier and created the first laser printer.
So, realising that this solid manufacturing process could be commercialised, they let the word out to manufacturers and developers who could put the idea to good use.
In 1988, a team led by S. Scott Crump advanced a process called Fused Deposition Modelling. They went on to form the enterprise Stratasys and produced Rapid Prototyping machines that used this technology to originate bodily objects from 3d models.
Laminated Object Manufacturing or Lom is a process advanced and commercialized by Heliosys, in which many layers of laminated paper are sealed together after they have been cut into shape, creating a 3d object consisting of thousands or tens of thousands of sheets tightly bonded together.
Laser Engineered Net Shaping or Lens is a modern process advanced by Sandia Labs where a laser is focussed onto a steady stream of metal particles sprayed into a pool of liquid metal. This process builds up a fully realised object with no hollow portions or any gaps. The metal is fully dense and the final part is roughly as strong as a milled item. Optomec has licensed the Lens technology into a Rapid Prototyping machine.
Selective Laser Sintering or Sls is a process advanced by 3D Systems where a laser strikes a bed of metal or plastic powder, fusing portions of it into the required shape. The bed is lowered, more powder added, and the laser passes over it again. This process, which is the original basis of the Lens process, can be used to originate both fully solid or partially solid metallic or polymer objects in a microscopic run environment.
Stereo Lithography uses a laser striking a pool of photopolymer in a pattern defined by the Cad or Stl file data. Once the laser has accomplished it's pass, the platform lowers, immersing the object under the exterior of the photopolymer and the laser passes over again, gently building up an object under the polymer. BaE uses Stereolithography to yield prototypes of tool and parts extensively.
These methods have a very fine accuracy, fluctuating from 0.01mm for laminated Object Modelling down to 0.003mm for Stereolithography. This enables models and objects to be made to exacting specifications and allows for items such as jewellery mounts to be designed and then mass-produced in days rather than weeks.
For larger objects such as columns, airplane components, car body panels, statues and the like - a distinct method can be employed. 3D routers or cutting machines have also been advanced that have a cutting or routing blade set on a conveyable head that can tour on all 3 axes and do very complex carving down to a resolution of nearby 0.1mm detail, depending on the cutting or routing heads.
The markets for Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Manufacturing for hobbyists is growing. The machinery ranges in price from ,500 up to over 0,000 for some of the metal synthesis equipment. This enables hobbyists and population who need microscopic run products to get them at a fraction of the cost of old methods such as moulded casting or grinding and engraving prototyping.
Just do a quest for Rapid Prototyping or Solid Freeform Fabrication - there are fullness of clubs out here ready to build your 3d object in 3 full dimensions so you can hold it in your hand.
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